ElastAlert - Easy & Flexible Alerting With Elasticsearch

ElastAlert is a simple framework for alerting on anomalies, spikes, or other patterns of interest from data in Elasticsearch.

At Yelp, we use Elasticsearch, Logstash and Kibana for managing our ever increasing amount of data and logs. Kibana is great for visualizing and querying data, but we quickly realized that it needed a companion tool for alerting on inconsistencies in our data. Out of this need, ElastAlert was created.

If you have data being written into Elasticsearch in near real time and want to be alerted when that data matches certain patterns, ElastAlert is the tool for you.

Overview

We designed ElastAlert to be reliable, highly modular, and easy to set up and configure.

It works by combining Elasticsearch with two types of components, rule types and alerts. Elasticsearch is periodically queried and the data is passed to the rule type, which determines when a match is found. When a match occurs, it is given to one or more alerts, which take action based on the match.

This is configured by a set of rules, each of which defines a query, a rule type, and a set of alerts.

Several rule types with common monitoring paradigms are included with ElastAlert:

  • “Match where there are X events in Y time” (frequency type)

  • “Match when the rate of events increases or decreases” (spike type)

  • “Match when there are less than X events in Y time” (flatline type)

  • “Match when a certain field matches a blacklist/whitelist” (blacklist and whitelist type)

  • “Match on any event matching a given filter” (any type)

  • “Match when a field has two different values within some time” (change type)

Currently, we have support built in for these alert types:

  • Command

  • Email

  • JIRA

  • OpsGenie

  • SNS

  • HipChat

  • Slack

  • Telegram

  • GoogleChat

  • Debug

  • Stomp

  • TheHive

Additional rule types and alerts can be easily imported or written. (See Writing rule types and Writing alerts)

In addition to this basic usage, there are many other features that make alerts more useful:

  • Alerts link to Kibana dashboards

  • Aggregate counts for arbitrary fields

  • Combine alerts into periodic reports

  • Separate alerts by using a unique key field

  • Intercept and enhance match data

To get started, check out Running ElastAlert For The First Time.

Reliability

ElastAlert has several features to make it more reliable in the event of restarts or Elasticsearch unavailability:

  • ElastAlert saves its state to Elasticsearch and, when started, will resume where previously stopped

  • If Elasticsearch is unresponsive, ElastAlert will wait until it recovers before continuing

  • Alerts which throw errors may be automatically retried for a period of time

Modularity

ElastAlert has three main components that may be imported as a module or customized:

Rule types

The rule type is responsible for processing the data returned from Elasticsearch. It is initialized with the rule configuration, passed data that is returned from querying Elasticsearch with the rule’s filters, and outputs matches based on this data. See Writing rule types for more information.

Alerts

Alerts are responsible for taking action based on a match. A match is generally a dictionary containing values from a document in Elasticsearch, but may contain arbitrary data added by the rule type. See Writing alerts for more information.

Enhancements

Enhancements are a way of intercepting an alert and modifying or enhancing it in some way. They are passed the match dictionary before it is given to the alerter. See Enhancements for more information.

Configuration

ElastAlert has a global configuration file, config.yaml, which defines several aspects of its operation:

buffer_time: ElastAlert will continuously query against a window from the present to buffer_time ago. This way, logs can be back filled up to a certain extent and ElastAlert will still process the events. This may be overridden by individual rules. This option is ignored for rules where use_count_query or use_terms_query is set to true. Note that back filled data may not always trigger count based alerts as if it was queried in real time.

es_host: The host name of the Elasticsearch cluster where ElastAlert records metadata about its searches. When ElastAlert is started, it will query for information about the time that it was last run. This way, even if ElastAlert is stopped and restarted, it will never miss data or look at the same events twice. It will also specify the default cluster for each rule to run on. The environment variable ES_HOST will override this field.

es_port: The port corresponding to es_host. The environment variable ES_PORT will override this field.

use_ssl: Optional; whether or not to connect to es_host using TLS; set to True or False. The environment variable ES_USE_SSL will override this field.

verify_certs: Optional; whether or not to verify TLS certificates; set to True or False. The default is True.

client_cert: Optional; path to a PEM certificate to use as the client certificate.

client_key: Optional; path to a private key file to use as the client key.

ca_certs: Optional; path to a CA cert bundle to use to verify SSL connections

es_username: Optional; basic-auth username for connecting to es_host. The environment variable ES_USERNAME will override this field.

es_password: Optional; basic-auth password for connecting to es_host. The environment variable ES_PASSWORD will override this field.

es_url_prefix: Optional; URL prefix for the Elasticsearch endpoint. The environment variable ES_URL_PREFIX will override this field.

es_send_get_body_as: Optional; Method for querying Elasticsearch - GET, POST or source. The default is GET

es_conn_timeout: Optional; sets timeout for connecting to and reading from es_host; defaults to 20.

rules_loader: Optional; sets the loader class to be used by ElastAlert to retrieve rules and hashes. Defaults to FileRulesLoader if not set.

rules_folder: The name of the folder which contains rule configuration files. ElastAlert will load all files in this folder, and all subdirectories, that end in .yaml. If the contents of this folder change, ElastAlert will load, reload or remove rules based on their respective config files. (only required when using FileRulesLoader).

scan_subdirectories: Optional; Sets whether or not ElastAlert should recursively descend the rules directory - true or false. The default is true

run_every: How often ElastAlert should query Elasticsearch. ElastAlert will remember the last time it ran the query for a given rule, and periodically query from that time until the present. The format of this field is a nested unit of time, such as minutes: 5. This is how time is defined in every ElastAlert configuration.

writeback_index: The index on es_host to use.

max_query_size: The maximum number of documents that will be downloaded from Elasticsearch in a single query. The default is 10,000, and if you expect to get near this number, consider using use_count_query for the rule. If this limit is reached, ElastAlert will scroll using the size of max_query_size through the set amount of pages, when max_scrolling_count is set or until processing all results.

max_scrolling_count: The maximum amount of pages to scroll through. The default is 0, which means the scrolling has no limit. For example if this value is set to 5 and the max_query_size is set to 10000 then 50000 documents will be downloaded at most.

scroll_keepalive: The maximum time (formatted in Time Units) the scrolling context should be kept alive. Avoid using high values as it abuses resources in Elasticsearch, but be mindful to allow sufficient time to finish processing all the results.

max_aggregation: The maximum number of alerts to aggregate together. If a rule has aggregation set, all alerts occuring within a timeframe will be sent together. The default is 10,000.

old_query_limit: The maximum time between queries for ElastAlert to start at the most recently run query. When ElastAlert starts, for each rule, it will search elastalert_metadata for the most recently run query and start from that time, unless it is older than old_query_limit, in which case it will start from the present time. The default is one week.

disable_rules_on_error: If true, ElastAlert will disable rules which throw uncaught (not EAException) exceptions. It will upload a traceback message to elastalert_metadata and if notify_email is set, send an email notification. The rule will no longer be run until either ElastAlert restarts or the rule file has been modified. This defaults to True.

show_disabled_rules: If true, ElastAlert show the disable rules’ list when finishes the execution. This defaults to True.

notify_email: An email address, or list of email addresses, to which notification emails will be sent. Currently, only an uncaught exception will send a notification email. The from address, SMTP host, and reply-to header can be set using from_addr, smtp_host, and email_reply_to options, respectively. By default, no emails will be sent.

from_addr: The address to use as the from header in email notifications. This value will be used for email alerts as well, unless overwritten in the rule config. The default value is “ElastAlert”.

smtp_host: The SMTP host used to send email notifications. This value will be used for email alerts as well, unless overwritten in the rule config. The default is “localhost”.

email_reply_to: This sets the Reply-To header in emails. The default is the recipient address.

aws_region: This makes ElastAlert to sign HTTP requests when using Amazon Elasticsearch Service. It’ll use instance role keys to sign the requests. The environment variable AWS_DEFAULT_REGION will override this field.

boto_profile: Deprecated! Boto profile to use when signing requests to Amazon Elasticsearch Service, if you don’t want to use the instance role keys.

profile: AWS profile to use when signing requests to Amazon Elasticsearch Service, if you don’t want to use the instance role keys. The environment variable AWS_DEFAULT_PROFILE will override this field.

replace_dots_in_field_names: If True, ElastAlert replaces any dots in field names with an underscore before writing documents to Elasticsearch. The default value is False. Elasticsearch 2.0 - 2.3 does not support dots in field names.

string_multi_field_name: If set, the suffix to use for the subfield for string multi-fields in Elasticsearch. The default value is .raw for Elasticsearch 2 and .keyword for Elasticsearch 5.

add_metadata_alert: If set, alerts will include metadata described in rules (category, description, owner and priority); set to True or False. The default is False.

skip_invalid: If True, skip invalid files instead of exiting.

Logging

By default, ElastAlert uses a simple basic logging configuration to print log messages to standard error. You can change the log level to INFO messages by using the --verbose or --debug command line options.

If you need a more sophisticated logging configuration, you can provide a full logging configuration in the config file. This way you can also configure logging to a file, to Logstash and adjust the logging format.

For details, see the end of config.yaml.example where you can find an example logging configuration.

Running ElastAlert

$ python elastalert/elastalert.py

Several arguments are available when running ElastAlert:

--config will specify the configuration file to use. The default is config.yaml.

--debug will run ElastAlert in debug mode. This will increase the logging verboseness, change all alerts to DebugAlerter, which prints alerts and suppresses their normal action, and skips writing search and alert metadata back to Elasticsearch. Not compatible with –verbose.

--verbose will increase the logging verboseness, which allows you to see information about the state of queries. Not compatible with –debug.

--start <timestamp> will force ElastAlert to begin querying from the given time, instead of the default, querying from the present. The timestamp should be ISO8601, e.g. YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS (UTC) or with timezone YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS-08:00 (PST). Note that if querying over a large date range, no alerts will be sent until that rule has finished querying over the entire time period. To force querying from the current time, use “NOW”.

--end <timestamp> will cause ElastAlert to stop querying at the specified timestamp. By default, ElastAlert will periodically query until the present indefinitely.

--rule <rule.yaml> will only run the given rule. The rule file may be a complete file path or a filename in rules_folder or its subdirectories.

--silence <unit>=<number> will silence the alerts for a given rule for a period of time. The rule must be specified using --rule. <unit> is one of days, weeks, hours, minutes or seconds. <number> is an integer. For example, --rule noisy_rule.yaml --silence hours=4 will stop noisy_rule from generating any alerts for 4 hours.

--es_debug will enable logging for all queries made to Elasticsearch.

--es_debug_trace <trace.log> will enable logging curl commands for all queries made to Elasticsearch to the specified log file. --es_debug_trace is passed through to elasticsearch.py which logs localhost:9200 instead of the actual es_host:es_port.

--end <timestamp> will force ElastAlert to stop querying after the given time, instead of the default, querying to the present time. This really only makes sense when running standalone. The timestamp is formatted as YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS (UTC) or with timezone YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS-XX:00 (UTC-XX).

--pin_rules will stop ElastAlert from loading, reloading or removing rules based on changes to their config files.